Oh, and don't forget the side effects. Using hGH has been linked to a variety of medical conditions, including joint pain, muscle weakness, fluid retention, carpal tunnel syndrome, cardiomyopathy and hyperlipidemia [source: Mayo Clinic ]. Several Russians tested positive for the drug , which at the time, was not included on the International Olympic Committee's IOC's list of banned substances.
That didn't stop the IOC from disqualifying several Russian athletes, stripping medals from two and, ultimately, blacklisting bromantane based on its performance-enhancing effects. The effects of bromantane are quite unlike any other PED. Russian army doctors developed bromantane as a stimulant, something they could give to soldiers and cosmonauts to help them feel more alert and fight fatigue.
Soon after, Russian athletes got hold of the drug, reporting that it helped them perform at peak levels without feeling exhausted. But the story appears more complicated. Advertisement Some anti-doping officials believe bromantane can hide the abuse of more serious drugs, such as steroids.
This is known as masking, and it's just one more way athletes can find a way to cheat. For example, the masking agent probenecid stops the excretion of steroids for a few hours, decreasing the concentration of steroids in the urine. The exact masking mechanism of bromantane, however, remains unclear. But stimulants by themselves function reasonably well as performance-enhancing drugs. Athletes take stimulants to improve endurance, reduce fatigue and increase aggressiveness.
And someone trying to qualify for a lower weight class may rely on stimulants for their ability to suppress appetite. You may think first of amphetamines — prescription-only "speed" pills — when you hear of this class of drugs, but not all stimulants require a physician's signature. Ephedrine, for example, is available behind the counter in drug products, mostly as decongestants.
Dietary supplements containing ephedrine are illegal in the U. Athletes, of course, aren't interested in these. They want ephedrine for an extra boost of energy despite the warnings that the drug can cause high blood pressure, dizziness, shortness of breath and cardiac arrhythmia.
Advertisement 6: Diuretics The water pill chlorthalidone is a diuretic that, if taken, makes athletes go to the bathroom more, hence they can lose weight. Diuretics are any drugs that affect kidney function, resulting in increased urine output. The "water pill" chlorthalidone , for example, prevents fluids and salts from being reabsorbed into the kidney tubules and returned to the blood. As a result, more water leaves the body. In patients with certain conditions, such as heart disease , diuretics can also help control high blood pressure.
But athletes who take anabolic steroids pop diuretics to dilute their urine, which decreases steroid concentration and makes it much more difficult to detect in drug tests. Of course, athletes can be tested for diuretics though, too. Weightlifters and boxers may also down water pills to expel large amounts of fluid, which qualifies them to compete in a lower weight category. Then, right before the match, they stop taking the pills to return to their heavier fighting weight, giving them an advantage against their opponent.
Of course, an athlete taking diuretics may also get dizzy, become dehydrated or experience a severe drop in blood pressure — symptoms that make it hard to fight with the eye of the tiger. Advertisement 5: Albuterol Famed British marathon runner Paula Radcliffe pictured here during the Olympics has exercise-induced asthma. Many athletes rely on inhaled albuterol to deal with their asthma. Take the beta2-agonist albuterol. This well known asthma drug works by relaxing the muscles lining the bronchial tubes, allowing more air to flow into the lungs.
Athletes with asthma believe it or not, elite athletes tend to have higher rates of asthma than people in the general population commonly use inhaled albuterol to treat their symptoms, allowing them to compete without shortness of breath [source: Kindermann ]. But what about athletes who don't have asthma? Could they suck in a few shots of albuterol and increase their lung capacity? According to research published in the journal Sports Medicine, this performance-enhancing effect simply doesn't exist.
The authors found that, in 17 of 19 clinical trials involving non-asthmatic competitive athletes, the performance-enhancing effects of inhaled beta2-agonists could not be proved. Advertisement All bets are off, however, when an athlete takes albuterol orally or by injection. When administered in this fashion, albuterol has been found to have anabolic properties, which means it can help build muscle like steroids and, according to a study published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, it can also boost sprint and strength performance.
Another orally ingested beta2-agonist known as clenbuterol — or clen— packs an even bigger punch than albuterol. Athletes in several sports — cycling, swimming, baseball and soccer — have tested positive for clenbuterol use, although many have claimed that the drug could be traced to contaminated food. While clenbuterol has historically been given to animals to produce leaner meat, it has been banned for use in meat since in the U. GHB is known as a "date rape" drug because it can quickly render a user so relaxed and euphoric — especially when combined with alcohol — that they are easily taken advantage of.
Even scarier, it can cause amnesia, improving the chances that predators who slip the tasteless chemical into an unsuspecting imbiber's cocktail will get away with their misdeeds. Because of the risks it posed, GHB was banned by the Drug Enforcement Administration DEA in but then brought back to the market two years later after it was found to be useful in treating narcolepsy.
It's use has since been expanded to include another rare sleeping disorder, but GHB is only prescribed under strict safety controls. Advertisement Even before it gained fame as a date rape drug, GHB was thought to improve exercise performance and muscle mass. There's even some scientific evidence that GHB increases growth hormone concentration. The drug apparently became popular among bodybuilders looking for alternatives to steroids in the s when the hormones were first being controlled.
Bodybuilder Mike Scarcella, who was Mr. America and Mr. But the alleged performance-enhancing benefits of GHB live on. Stamos claimed he was taking the drug to "lean out" body mass before his new TV show, "Grandfathered.
These sports require deep reservoirs of muscle strength and endurance — the very targets of the most popular performance-enhancing drugs. But what about sports like pistol shooting or archery? They certainly demand a keen eye, a steady hand and rock-solid concentration but not Herculean strength. Even so, athletes in these sports may also take PEDs. Advertisement As it turns out, propranolol belongs to a class of drugs known as beta blockers, which nonathletes use to control high blood pressure.
Though she has been playing piano since she was 5, the year-old vocal accompanist at the Bienen School in Evanston, Ill. The thought of not being able to go back and fix mistakes makes me lose it. They are sold under many names: metoprolol Lopressor, Toprol-XL , propranolol Inderal , and atenolol Tenormin , among others. The drugs were designed to keep specific proteins from binding to adrenaline. The combination activates the body's "fight-or-flight" response, causing increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and uncontrolled reflexes.
Though people have short-term side effects such as lowered blood pressure from using the drugs, no catastrophic events have been reported. Still, research has not looked at long-term effects of use in healthy individuals - and the drugs can cause problems for those who use them for nonmedical purposes. At Johns Hopkins University, cardiologist Lili Barouch recalled seeing a fellow doctor pass out while giving a speech because he had taken a beta-blocker for stage fright.
Barouch warns that improper use can lead to dizziness and light-headedness from a drop in blood pressure, as well as wheezing for those with asthma. Some music students do get their family doctors to write scrips for beta-blockers to help with anxiety. But sharing is also common. Cellist Liz Zook admits to getting a beta-blocker from her friend before a final exam this past spring.
She says she would take a pill again before a stressful performance. Kontorovitch too, was introduced to beta-blockers by a friend. After experiencing its calming effect, she says, she got a prescription. Some musicians worry that experimenting with beta-blockers could make them dependent on the drugs. But Anjan Chatterjee, a neurologist at the University of Pennsylvania, says beta-blockers are usually not addictive. He speculates that "it's the musicians' psyche that makes them believe that they need it.
Silverstein has used beta-blockers - after a mild heart attack 13 years ago. Though he says he has never used a beta-blocker, the former National Symphony Orchestra bass player believes that "certain musicians will never play up to their full potential without it. Kurt Hansen, a faculty member at the Bienen School, says that an exceptionally talented friend of his gave up performing because of her inability to conquer stage fright in , before beta-blockers.
She had such a beautiful voice. Both Robinson and Hansen believe beta-blockers are worth taking for performance anxiety.
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Some athletes use propranolol specifically for its anxiety-reducing effects, resulting in steadier hands, an even heart rate and the increased ability to focus. As of , propranolol and all other beta-blockers were banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency for all Olympic sports, including archery, gymnastics, shooting and golf 1.
Propranolol is a beta-blocker that interferes with the reaction of nerve impulses inside the body, especially in the heart. Metoprolol Learn More Metoprolol is commonly prescribed to treat high blood pressure and is a popular beta-blocker because of its extended-release formula, which lasts throughout the day 3.
Metoprolol is often prescribed as an off-label treatment for social anxiety disorder, performance anxiety and movement disorders because of its calming effect on the nerves and heart 2 3. Like other beta-blockers, common side effects include dry mouth, dizziness, tiredness and gastrointestinal discomfort.
Metoprolol can cause serious adverse reactions, such as shortness of breath, unusual weight-gain and irregular heartbeat, which should be reported to your physician immediately 3. Atenolol Atenolol is another beta-blocker used by athletes as a performance-enhancement drug 4.
It works by slowing the heart down and reducing its workload. Atenolol was introduced as a new kind of beta-blocker, created to provide the same heart benefits as other beta-blockers without causing as many nervous system side effects 4.
Atenolol is also more commonly prescribed for patients with liver disease, because it is excreted almost exclusively by the kidneys 4. Atenolol helps reduce sympathetic nervous system responses, such as sweating, agitation and rapid heartbeat, making the drug a popular choice among athletes who wish to control symptoms of performance anxiety 4.
Atenolol can cause serious adverse effects, including jaundice, dark urine and stomach pain 4. Beta blockers might alleviate a nervous archer's shaky hands. It is often more difficult to understand the advantage of beta blockers in sport for activities like gymnastics. While gymnastics is a very athletic activity, it is also very focused on precision.
A gymnast's ability to stick a landing or keep his or her balance may be improved by beta blockers. In sports like soccer or basketball that are highly physical, beta blockers may actually be a disadvantage. Athletes who exert themselves while on these drugs often feel nauseous or weak. As such, performance in strenuous sports is actually reduced by beta blockers. Even though some aspects of basketball and soccer require high degrees of accuracy, the disadvantage in terms of athletic ability is usually not considered worth the trade.
Beta blockers are useful in sports where a small mistake can have a big effect on an athlete's performance. There are some controversies concerning whether using beta blockers in sport really is unethical. Beta blockers do not enhance performance in the same ways that drugs like steroids or amphetamines do.
These drugs do not make athletes stronger or give them abilities they would not naturally possess.
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