Sentiment analysis uses the terminology of a specialist domain, say the terminology associated with anyone of the financial instruments e. The sentiment count is offered as an index by major financial news vendors like Reuters for a brief overview, see, for example, Ahmad This paper takes the study of connotative meaning in a more turbulent area of expression of feeling about a group of people — groups categorized on religion, ethnicity, culture, entertainment and so on. This study is based on a selection of texts in a newspaper over a quarter of a century.
I hope, a study of diachronic change in frequency of key word usage, together with the contiguous affect words, may help to identify the sentiments of a people about the Other. The study of the distribution and profusion of affect words in speech or text by somebody speaking or writing with an intention of persuading others, is becoming fashionable in economics and finance see, Tetlock for example. However, this profusion can be found in one of the oldest genres, religious writing, and affect words are used, sometimes with abandon, by and about people with religious beliefs.
The confluence of the two themes, economics and religion, appears very apposite when I think of Magnar Brekke. Over the last 20 years or so, I have had long and enjoyable discussions with Magnar on two topics: First, terminology, especially corpus-based terminology, and the language of economics and finance; second, on a personal level, discussions about religious beliefs.
This article is being offered as a celebration of his life-long dedication to improving communications amongst people of different kinds and his abiding interest in all matters linguistic. To sum up then: This paper is an attempt to understand how connotative meaning is communicated in texts.
I have attempted to use measures of turbulence, developed in economics and finance for looking at the dynamics of price changes in a market, for examining changes in the distribution of affect words. I have looked at the diachronic distribution of affect words in news items that appear to cover topics related to Muslim and Islam.
These news items were published in a representative sample of American English, The New York Times; the items that were examined can be viewed on the New York Times online archive. The diachronic study focused on the monthly frequencies of positive and negative affect words, the rate of change of the frequencies, and variance of the rate of change. In economics and finance, the rate of change of price of an asset is sometimes called return and the standard deviation of returns over a period of time is called the volatility.
The return and volatility of affect words is presented in this paper as a measure of changes in sentiment, articulated through the use of affect words, about a group of people or a system of beliefs. Now the choice of texts for building a corpus to study language is in itself a rather controversial topic see, for example, Ahmad b.
In mitigation, I have followed some of the tenets of corpus linguistics — I chose texts of different genres written by a number of different authors at different times. I have chosen newspaper texts for my analysis: the text types in a newspaper typically comprise reportage, opinions and editorials, travelogues, book and film reviews, and letters-to-the-editor, and not forgetting the advertisements.
It has an on-line version that also allows access to its archive that spans over years. This is a veritable source of information and opinion and a record of happenings within the USA and much beyond. I have chosen to look at diachronic change in sentiment of the contributors to the NYT to the religion of Islam and its practitioners, the Muslims.
I have only chosen those texts that have at least one occurrence of the keyword Islam and one of Muslim. The diachronic change in sentiment can be studied just by looking at the rate of change of the frequency of usage of the keywords in the first instance over time.
The NYT search engine also retrieves texts that may comprise derivations like Islamic and Islamization or affixes like Muslims. For the diachronic study, I first sampled texts from one period and computed the frequency of usage of the two keywords and the frequency of usage of sentiment words. Then another period of time was chosen, frequencies computed and then compared with the previous period. Three periods were chosen: i — the end of the First Gulf War, ii — a period of relative calm with the creation of a Palestinian state and rapprochement between Israel and the Arabs; and iii — the aftermath of the Second Gulf War and the onset of recession in the West.
The total number of such stories carried in the NYT has increased from in comprising tokens to in tokens to in tokens. The concomitant average rising from 12 items per month in to 13 in to double the figure of 27 in see Table 1. Stories that appeared in the NYT with the keywords Islam and Muslim with samples drawn over three 8 year intervals, , and Year Month Items Tokens Items Tokens Items Tokens January 15 8 33 February 13 18 23 March 21 16 31 April 7 11 39 May 7 9 37 June 12 15 35 July 7 10 31 August 4 12 19 September 12 10 21 October 9 19 19 November 5 13 19 December 12 14 20 Total Average 10 13 27 Std Dev 5 4 8 The increase may also be attributed to the fact when news items are printed on paper there is an inherent restriction on length and the number of items.
Electronic publishing allows one to overcome such restrictions. The doubling of the number of items relating to Islam may be attributed to this electronically-facilitated mode of communication. So, I carried out an ad hoc experiment on three corpora of texts that comprises stories published during to about the followers of one of the three religions with major following in the USA — Christian, Jew or Jewish , or Muslim. They are more expensive but it is very nice to avoid punctures.
Never wear old tires on the bike. Between half a year and one year old is max. Then the rubber is old and easier lets through sharp objects. Check the tires at regular intervals. I usually do it before I leave home or after a couple of hours of cycling. If there is a glass or gravel immersed in the tire you can remove it with the nail, a key or a flat little screwdriver.
Nothing sharp that can cut holes in the tire. Avoid cycling in glass or other risky. If you happen to do that you can check the tires right after. White gravel from the roads and when they sanded can easily cause punctures as well. The picture is from a bike ride in Gothenburg in when I put the bike on the ground and check the tire.
The tire is a Continental sportcontact.
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A final word for those people who brought me in to Better Place and led me to ownership: I have absolutely no regrets. I am forever grateful to you all for opening my eyes to electric driving and nothing would make me change this last year and half. Thank you! Back in , Thomas Friedman predicted that the wind farms of T. Yesterday A Better Place filed for bankruptcy. Agassi was forced out of Better Place in October, his successor as CEO quit in January, and the company has put its global rollout on hold.
To find out, I spoke to company officials, industry experts, and electric-car executives at rival automakers. Electric cars — prior to Better Place — are neither of those things. To make refueling convenient, Better Place invented automated battery-switching stations; they deploy robots that slide under the car, remove a depleted battery, and replace it with a fully charged one in about five minutes.
These battery-swapping stations work faster than chargers; the company has built 37 of them across Israel. By retaining ownership of the battery, Better Place is able to reduce the sticker price of the car, and upgrade the battery as the technology improves. Like wireless phone companies that discount their hardware and make the money back by selling minutes, Better Place reduces the price of the car and charges its owners a monthly fee for the battery and electricity, based on how many miles they travel.
In fact, leasing a Better Place car in Israel costs about 20 percent less than a Toyota Prius or Honda Insight hybrid, the company says. In his heyday, Agassi liked to tell people that Better Place would eventually be able to give cars away, and still turn a profit. But such rosy projections never came close to materializing. Local authorities, whose permission was needed to build battery-switching stations, put up unexpected roadblocks, slowing progress, company officials said.
Another shortcoming: Better Place assumed that other automakers would build vehicles that are compatible with its battery-swapping technology, but so far only Renault has done so. Marketing has been another challenge: The company is asking its customers not only to embrace a new technology, but an unfamiliar business model that is hard to explain.
He said battery swapping might make sense for taxis or fleets, but not on a broad scale. My test drive with Better Place was a mixed bag.
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