His wife bequeathed their joint collection of more than three thousand works to the Whitney Museum of American Art. Art[ edit ] Personality and vision[ edit ] Always reluctant to discuss himself and his art, Hopper simply said, "The whole answer is there on the canvas. Hopper was someone drawn to an emblematic, anti-narrative symbolism , [58] who "painted short isolated moments of configuration, saturated with suggestion".
Cultured and sophisticated, he was well-read, and many of his paintings show figures reading. He was always serious about his art and the art of others, and when asked would return frank opinions. No amount of skillful invention can replace the essential element of imagination.
One of the weaknesses of much abstract painting is the attempt to substitute the inventions of the human intellect for a private imaginative conception. The inner life of a human being is a vast and varied realm and does not concern itself alone with stimulating arrangements of color, form and design.
The term life used in art is something not to be held in contempt, for it implies all of existence and the province of art is to react to it and not to shun it. Painting will have to deal more fully and less obliquely with life and nature's phenomena before it can again become great. He wrote in , "So much of every art is an expression of the subconscious that it seems to me most of all the important qualities are put there unconsciously, and little of importance by the conscious intellect.
Additionally, his notebooks contain high-quality pen and pencil sketches, which were never meant for public viewing. Hopper paid particular attention to geometrical design and the careful placement of human figures in proper balance with their environment. He was a slow and methodical artist; as he wrote, "It takes a long time for an idea to strike. Then I have to think about it for a long time.
I don't start painting until I have it all worked out in my mind. I'm all right when I get to the easel". He and his wife kept a detailed ledger of their works noting such items as "sad face of woman unlit", "electric light from ceiling", and "thighs cooler".
Bright sunlight as an emblem of insight or revelation , and the shadows it casts, also play symbolically powerful roles in Hopper paintings such as Early Sunday Morning , Summertime , Seven A. His use of light and shadow effects have been compared to the cinematography of film noir. He used saturated color to heighten contrast and create mood. Subjects and themes[ edit ] Hopper derived his subject matter from two primary sources: one, the common features of American life gas stations, motels, restaurants, theaters, railroads, and street scenes and its inhabitants; and two, seascapes and rural landscapes.
Regarding his style, Hopper defined himself as "an amalgam of many races" and not a member of any school, particularly the " Ashcan School ". Sometimes he combined these elements. Most of these paintings depict strong light and fair weather; he showed little interest in snow or rain scenes, or in seasonal color changes. He painted the majority of the pure seascapes in the period between and on Monhegan Island.
He was fascinated with the American urban scene, "our native architecture with its hideous beauty, its fantastic roofs, pseudo-gothic, French Mansard , Colonial, mongrel or what not, with eye-searing color or delicate harmonies of faded paint, shouldering one another along interminable streets that taper off into swamps or dump heaps.
This classic work depicts an isolated Victorian wood mansion, partly obscured by the raised embankment of a railroad. It marked Hopper's artistic maturity. Lloyd Goodrich praised the work as "one of the most poignant and desolating pieces of realism.
Although critics and viewers interpret meaning and mood in these cityscapes, Hopper insisted "I was more interested in the sunlight on the buildings and on the figures than any symbolism. His primary emotional themes are solitude, loneliness, regret, boredom, and resignation. He expresses the emotions in various environments, including the office, in public places, in apartments, on the road, or on vacation. In the early s, Hopper painted his first such images Girl at Sewing Machine , New York Interior another woman sewing , and Moonlight Interior a nude getting into bed Automat and Hotel Room , however, are more representative of his mature style, emphasizing the solitude more overtly.
Combining poignant subject matter with such a powerful formal arrangement, Hopper's composition is pure enough to approach an almost abstract sensibility, yet layered with a poetic meaning for the observer. In the first, a young couple appear alienated and uncommunicative—he reading the newspaper while she idles by the piano. The viewer takes on the role of a voyeur, as if looking with a telescope through the window of the apartment to spy on the couple's lack of intimacy.
In the latter painting, an older couple with little to say to each other, are playing with their dog, whose own attention is drawn away from his masters. A middle-aged man sits dejectedly on the edge of a bed. Beside him lies an open book and a partially clad woman.
A shaft of light illuminates the floor in front of him. Jo Hopper noted in their log book, "[T]he open book is Plato , reread too late". Levin interprets the painting: Plato's philosopher, in search of the real and the true, must turn away from this transitory realm and contemplate the eternal Forms and Ideas. The pensive man in Hopper's painting is positioned between the lure of the earthly domain, figured by the woman, and the call of the higher spiritual domain, represented by the ethereal lightfall.
The pain of thinking about this choice and its consequences, after reading Plato all night, is evident. He is paralysed by the fervent inner labour of the melancholic. The painting shows a man focusing on his work papers, while nearby his attractive female secretary pulls a file. Several studies for the painting show how Hopper experimented with the positioning of the two figures, perhaps to heighten the eroticism and the tension. Hopper presents the viewer with the possibilities that the man is either truly uninterested in the woman's appeal or that he is working hard to ignore her.
Another interesting aspect of the painting is how Hopper employs three light sources, [86] from a desk lamp, through a window and indirect light from above. She is committed to providing her clients with the exceptional support, knowledge and guidance this association affords, and to helping them find the home that fits their needs and lifestyle. A native New Yorker who has traveled back and forth to Europe every year since childhood, Elizabeth has an international background and holds tri-citizenship in the US, Greece and France.
She speaks Greek, Russian and English fluently. Elizabeth is also proficient in Italian and conversant in French. Very well-educated, Elizabeth initially studied Humanities and Social Sciences with a concentration in Psychology. Her worldliness and flair for customer service allow Elizabeth to seamlessly interact with a diverse clientele and help fulfill their real estate goals.
Obituary Elizabeth Mettler Growney Upper Nyack, NY - Elizabeth Mettler Growney of Upper Nyack passed away peacefully on August 14, surrounded by the love of her family--who are grateful to the organ donor who gave her thirteen additional years with us.
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| 3 elizabeth place nyack ny street | Nighthawks in the Art Institute of Chicago The best-known of Hopper's paintings, Nighthawksis one of his paintings of groups. We forever see a certain type of house as a Hopper house, invested continue reading with a mystery that Hopper implanted in our own vision. He used saturated color to heighten contrast and create mood. Painting will have to deal more fully and less obliquely with life and nature's phenomena before it can again become great. Both Hopper and his wife posed for the figures, and Jo Hopper gave the painting its title. Originally Hopper intended to put figures in the upstairs windows but left them empty to heighten the feeling of desolation. |
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| Belajar trading forex bagi pemula | In the first, a young couple appear alienated and uncommunicative—he reading the newspaper while she idles by the piano. I don't start painting until I have it all worked out in my mind. When Jo Hopper commented on the figure in Cape Cod Morning "It's a woman looking out to see if the weather's good enough to hang out her wash," Hopper retorted, "Did I say article source Painting will have to deal more fully and less obliquely with life and nature's phenomena before it can again become great. It marked Hopper's artistic maturity. One of the weaknesses of much abstract painting is the attempt to substitute the inventions of the human intellect for a private imaginative conception. |
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At this service, the Reverend C. Thomas told the congregation: "The greatest tribute you can pay to Carole is to be calm, be lovely, be kind, be innocent. Although no city officials attended this service, [53] an estimated clergymen of all races were among the attendees.
Also present was Martin Luther King Jr. In a speech conducted before the burials of the girls, King addressed an estimated 3, [54] mourners—including numerous white people—with a speech saying: This tragic day may cause the white side to come to terms with its conscience. In spite of the darkness of this hour, we must not become bitter We must not lose faith in our white brothers.
Life is hard. At times as hard as crucible steel , but, today, you do not walk alone. These instructions were relayed to the crowd present by a single youth with a bullhorn. But by September 20, the FBI was able to confirm that the explosion had been caused by a device that was purposely planted beneath the steps to the church, [57] close to the women's lounge. A section of wire and remnants of red plastic were discovered there, which could have been part of a timing device.
The plastic remnants were later lost by investigators. The Cahaba Boys had formed earlier in , as they felt that the KKK was becoming restrained and impotent in response to concessions granted to black people to end racial segregation. This group had previously been linked to several bomb attacks at black-owned businesses and the homes of black community leaders throughout the spring and summer of Investigators also gathered numerous witness statements attesting to a group of white men in a turquoise Chevrolet who had been seen near the church in the early hours of the morning of September The physical description by witnesses of this person varied, and could have matched either Bobby Cherry or Robert Chambliss.
He and two acquaintances, John Hall and Charles Cagle, were each convicted in state court upon a charge of illegally possessing and transporting dynamite on October 8. A later report stated: "By , we had [four] serious suspects—namely Thomas Blanton Jr. Also, at that time, information from our surveillance was not admissible in court.
As a result, no federal charges were filed in the '60s. Edgar Hoover ; [65] however, no prosecutions of the four suspects ensued. There had been a history of mistrust between local and federal investigators. Edgar Hoover formally blocked any impending federal prosecutions against the suspects, [67] and refused to disclose any evidence his agents had obtained with state or federal prosecutors. The files were sealed by order of J. Edgar Hoover. Kennedy —an ardent supporter of the civil rights cause who had proposed a Civil Rights Act of on national television [69] —increased worldwide awareness of and sympathy toward the civil rights cause in the United States.
Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, , newly- inaugurated President Lyndon Johnson continued to press for passage of the civil rights bill sought by his predecessor. Formal reopening of the investigation[ edit ] Officially, the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing remained unsolved until after William Baxley was elected Attorney General of Alabama in January Baxley had been a student at the University of Alabama when he heard about the bombing in , and later recollected: "I wanted to do something, but I didn't know what.
He was able to build trust with key witnesses, some of whom had been reluctant to testify in the first investigation. Other witnesses obtained identified Chambliss as the individual who had placed the bomb beneath the church. Baxley also gathered evidence proving Chambliss had purchased dynamite from a store in Jefferson County less than two weeks before the bomb was planted, [72] upon the pretext the dynamite was to be used to clear land the KKK had purchased near Highway After Baxley requested access to the original FBI files on the case, he learned that evidence accumulated by the FBI against the named suspects between and had not been revealed to the local prosecutors in Birmingham.
Chambliss had been indicted by a grand jury on September 24, , charged with four counts of murder, for each dead child in the church bombing. The first of these witnesses was Tom Cook, a retired Birmingham police officer, who testified on November 15 as to a conversation he had had with Chambliss in Cook testified that Chambliss had acknowledged his guilt regarding his arrest for possession of dynamite, but that he Chambliss was insistent he had given the dynamite to Rowe before the bombing.
Following Cook's testimony, Baxley introduced police sergeant Ernie Cantrell. Cantrell also stated that Chambliss had boasted of his knowledge of how to construct a "drip-method bomb" using a fishing float and a leaking bucket of water. Upon cross-examination by defense attorney Art Hanes Jr.
One individual who went to the scene to help search for survivors, Charles Vann, later recollected that he had observed a solitary white man whom he recognized as Robert Edward Chambliss a known member of the Ku Klux Klan standing alone and motionless at a barricade.
According to Vann's later testimony, Chambliss was standing "looking down toward the church, like a firebug watching his fire". Reverend Cobbs stated that her uncle had repeatedly informed her he had been engaged in what he referred to as a "one-man battle" against blacks since the s. Cobbs also testified that approximately one week after the bombing, she had observed Chambliss watching a news article relating to the four girls killed in the bombing.
According to Cobbs, Chambliss had said: "It [the bomb] wasn't meant to hurt anybody Jackson testified that Chambliss had expressed frustration that the Klan was "dragging its feet" on the issue of racial integration, [18] and said he was eager to form a splinter group more dedicated to resistance.
The current state death penalty law applied only to crimes committed after its passage. Baxley noted that the day of the closing argument fell upon what would have been Carol Denise McNair's 26th birthday and that she would have likely been a mother by this date. He referred to testimony given by her father, Chris McNair, about the family's loss, and requested that the jury return a verdict of guilty. Hanes noted conflicting testimony among several of the 12 witnesses called by the defense to testify as to Chambliss's whereabouts on the day of the bombing.
A policeman and a neighbor had each testified that Chambliss was at the home of a man named Clarence Dill on that day. Following the closing arguments, the jury retired to begin their deliberations, which lasted for over six hours and continued into the following day.
I didn't bomb that church. Although Baxley knew he had insufficient evidence to charge Blanton at this stage, he intended the subpoena to frighten Blanton into confessing his involvement and negotiating a plea deal to turn state evidence against his co-conspirators. Blanton, however, hired a lawyer and refused to answer any questions. This appeal was dismissed on May 22, He had repeatedly proclaimed his innocence, insisting Gary Thomas Rowe Jr.
It was part of a coordinated effort between local, state and federal governments to review cold cases of the civil rights era in the hopes of prosecuting perpetrators. Both were arrested. Both named individuals were charged with four counts of first-degree murder, and four counts of universal malice.
In his opening statement to the jurors, defense attorney John Robbins acknowledged his client's affiliation with the Ku Klux Klan and his views on racial segregation. But, he warned the jury: "Just because you don't like him, that doesn't make him responsible for the bombing. Burns had secretly recorded several conversations with Blanton in which the latter Blanton had gloated when talking about the bombing, and had boasted the police would not catch him when he bombed another church.
Although sections of the recording—presented in evidence on April 27—are unintelligible, Blanton can twice be heard mentioning the phrase "plan a bomb" or "plan the bomb". Most crucially, Blanton can also be heard saying that he was not with Miss Vaughn but, two nights before the bombing, was at a meeting with other Klansmen on a bridge above the Cahaba River. Blanton's attorneys criticized the validity and quality of the 16 tape recordings introduced as evidence, [] arguing that the prosecution had edited and spliced the sections of the audio recording that were secretly obtained within Blanton's kitchen, reducing the entirety of the tape by 26 minutes.
He said that the sections introduced as evidence were of poor audio quality, resulting in the prosecution presenting text transcripts of questionable accuracy to the jury. About the recordings made as Blanton conversed with Burns, Robbins emphasized that Burns had earlier testified that Blanton had never expressly said that he had made or planted the bomb.
Seven witnesses testified on behalf of the prosecution, and two for the defense. One of the defense witnesses was a retired chef named Eddie Mauldin, who was called to testify to discredit prosecution witnesses' statements that they had seen Blanton in the vicinity of the church before the bombing.
Mauldin testified on April 30 that he had observed two men in a Rambler station wagon adorned with a Confederate flag repeatedly drive past the church immediately before the blast, and that, seconds after the bomb had exploded, the car had "burned rubber" as it drove away.
Thomas Blanton had owned a Chevrolet in ; [] neither Chambliss, Cash nor Cherry had owned such a vehicle. Both counsels delivered their closing arguments before the jury on May 1. In his closing argument, prosecuting attorney and future U. Senator Doug Jones said that although the trial was conducted 38 years after the bombing, it was no less important, adding: "It's never too late for the truth to be told It's never too late for a man to be held accountable for his crimes.
Jones repeated the most damning statements Blanton had made in these recordings, before pointing at Blanton and stating: "That is a confession out of this man's mouth. He said this past was not the evidence upon which they should return their verdicts. Stressing that Blanton should not be judged for his beliefs, Robbins again vehemently criticized the validity and poor quality of the audio recordings presented, and the selectivity of the sections which had been introduced into evidence.
Robbins also discredited the testimony of FBI agent William Fleming, who had earlier testified as to a government witness claiming he had seen Blanton in the vicinity of the church shortly before the bombing. Clair Correctional Facility in Springville, Alabama. He seldom spoke of his involvement in the bombing, shunned social activity and rarely received visitors. Martin said: "The cold-blooded callousness of this hate crime has not diminished by the passage of time.
In his opening statement for the prosecution, Don Cochran presented his case: that the evidence would show that Cherry had participated in a conspiracy to commit the bombing and conceal evidence linking him to the crime and that he had later gloated over the deaths of the victims.
Cochran also added that although the evidence to be presented would not conclusively show that Cherry had personally planted or ignited the bomb, the combined evidence would illustrate that he had aided and abetted in the commission of the act. He also noted that Cherry had initially been linked to the bombing by the FBI via an informant who had claimed, fifteen months after the bombing, that she had seen Cherry place the bomb at the church shortly before the bombing.
Johnson warned the jurors they would have to distinguish between evidence and proof. Following the opening statements, the prosecution began presenting witnesses. Crucial testimony at Cherry's trial was delivered by his former wife, Willadean Brogdon, who had married Cherry in Brogdon testified on May 16 that Cherry had boasted to her that he had been the individual who planted the bomb beneath the steps to the church, then returned hours later to light the fuse to the dynamite.
Brogdon also testified that Cherry had told her of his regret that children had died in the bombing, before adding his satisfaction that they would never reproduce. Although the credibility of Brogdon's testimony was called into dispute at the trial, forensic experts conceded that, although her account of the planting of the bombing differed from that which had been discussed in the previous perpetrators' trials, Brogdon's recollection of Cherry's account of the planting and subsequent lighting of the bomb could explain why no conclusive remnants of a timing device were discovered after the bombing.
One of several vehicles severely damaged in the explosion was found to have carried fishing tackle. Its mile km connection between Schenectady and Utica was developed in from the right-of-way previously used by the Mohawk and Hudson River railway. In Williams also published Utica's first directory. Streetcars can be seen crossing a bridge over the Erie Canal. In , two-thirds of employed Uticans worked in the textile industry.
Textiles remained the leading industry in Utica through , employing a little less than a quarter of workers. Through the '40s and '50s, local politicians lobbied for modern industry to come to Utica, and General Electric , Chicago Pneumatic , Bendix Aviation , and Univac among others established factories in Utica. The city also underwent a residential expansion and modernization.
This time period is sometimes called the called the "loom to boom" era. Organized crime in Utica peaked in the s, with a resurgence in the late '70s. The indictment of local associates of the Buffalo crime family in is regarded as the end of the Mafia in Utica. Strongly affected by the deindustrialization that took place in other Rust Belt cities, Utica suffered a major reduction in manufacturing activity during the second half of the 20th century.
The remaining textile mills continued to be undercut by competitors in the South. This led to the expansion of the nearby town of New Hartford and the village of Whitesboro. Utica's lack of quality academic and educational choices, when compared to Syracuse under an hour away, contributed to its decline in local businesses and jobs as some economic activity moved to Syracuse during the s.
The city is 90 mi km west-northwest of Albany [88] and 45 mi 72 km east of Syracuse.
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