When the value of ACL is low, the value of Zin eff tends to be high. By keeping loop gain value AL high, the value of Zout eff is kept low. Voltage Follower The circuit of an operational amplifier non- inverting the input impedance of which is very high and out impedance of which is low, and the voltage gain of which in case of a closed loop is unity i. In simple words, a closed loop non- inverting operational amplifier, the voltage gains of which is unity without phase reversal, is called voltage follower.
This circuit reveals a very simple operation of an operational amplifier and it resembles an emitter follower common collector amplifier of a transistor circuit to a great extent. The only exception being that it works in a better manner. Remember that voltage follower circuit is not normally used for amplification due to its being unity gain.
Rather, just like an emitter follower such a circuit is mostly used for impedance matching and isolation. As output has been feedback on negative input, therefore it is called negative feedback. As feedback resistance is zero therefore, this negative feedback is usually maximum, due to which this type of circuit is very close to an ideal circuit.
This negative feedback sounds quite weird in the beginning, because output helps in ascertaining the value of differential input which tends to amplify in order to produce this output. Besides, maximum negative feedback produces such closed loop input impedance, the value of which is quite high as compared to opened loop input impedance. Thus, closed loop impedance also ensues via this maximum negative feedback, the value of which is quite low as compared to opened loop output impedance.
Thus, we almost get a complete technique for the purpose of converting a high impedance source to a low impedance source. Voltage follower has unity gain and maximum bandwidth b voltage follower allows high-impedance to drive low-impedance load with no loss of voltage.
In figure b the concept has been elucidated wherein an input AC source consists of high input impedance R high while load has low impedance RLOW. As a consequence, all input source voltages appear parallel to load resistor. Thus, input and output voltages of a voltage follower are considered identical for practical purposes. Comparator A circuit which makes a comparison between two input signals or voltage levels is known as a comparator.
In other words, if an operational amplifier is operated in an open looped mode i. As there is no need to connect any additional external components along a comparator, therefore its circuit is extremely simple. Now, if non- inverting input exceeds inverting input, comparator provides high output voltages. On the contrary, when non- inverting input is less compared to inverting input, comparator provides low output.
In order to ascertain how does a comparator compare the two inputs signals and then provide output on this base, it is necessary to study the basic circuit of a comparator. Working We know that an operational amplifier is usually used in closed-loop mode i. In order to understand how a comparator does compare two input signals and provides out on this base, the study of circuit shown in figure 8. There are several applications or uses of a comparator, out of which two of the uses have been illustrated in figure 8.
The circuit shown in figure A is called zero crossing detectors, because when es cross waveform 0V, eout swing from one saturation level to another. When the value of es is lower than zero volts 0V , the value of eout becomes The circuit shown in figure B is called a level detector. When input signal ein is lower than a DC reference level EREF , this level detector immediately identifies the situation i.
DC reference EREF has been connected with positive input whereas ein has been supplied with negative input. The output of a level detector can also be used to operate an alarm or its output can be transferred to a computer as well, so that alarm could be turned on as level changes or the operation could be stopped through a computer. Thus, an amplifier which has the capacity of summing up two or more than two inputs is known as a summing amplifier.
The output voltages of a summing or adder amplifier circuit are equal or proportionate to the algebraic sum of two or more than two input voltages each of which is multiplied by a constant gain factor. For simplicity purposes, only two inputs have been shown in this circuit, however there may be a number of inputs. Such a circuit amplifies every input signal and gain of every input is expressed as a ratio of feedback resistance RF and proper input resistance e.
This principle applies on every number of inputs. The level of each input can be set via adjustable resistors as shown in the figure while the combined output volume can be adjusted via gain control. We can increase the signal value of V1 on output by means of reducing level 1 while by reducing level 2, we can increase V2 signal while both signals can be enhance via increasing gain.
Difference Amplifier An amplifier which amplifies the difference existing between two input signals and provides an output in proportion to this difference is called difference amplifier. In other words, an amplifier which provides output equal to or in proportion to the difference between two input signals is known as a difference or Subtractor amplifier. A difference amplifier has been shown in figure 8. As inputs are supplied on inverting and non- inverting terminals of a difference amplifier circuit, therefore this type of amplifier is a combination or collection of both an inverting and non —inverting amplifiers.
If input terminal 2 is grounded, the circuit operates as an inverting amplifier. Signal VS2 provides V4 getting divided parallel to resistor R3 and R4 which are received on non- inverting input of the operational amplifier. If terminal 1 is grounded, R1 and R2 operate as feedback components of non- inverting input of an operational amplifier.
Thus, voltage V4 amplify as an input provided on a non — inverting amplifier. When VS2 value is zero, i. Write a short literature review discussing each of them mentioning their advantages and disadvantages. The Faculty Policy on Assessed Coursework applies to this coursework. You are advised to read the guidelines available on the general Faculty CU online web site. Answer: 1. Wein Bridge Osciator: Wien bridge oscillator is one type of oscillator. The oscillator has a high resonant frequency, low distortion.
The oscillator has no input Lerner, It is used to measure the impedance value. It has four resistors and two capacitors. Operational Amplifier: An operational amplifier is a voltage amplifier. Operational amplifiers often called as opamp.
The opamp is one type of differential amplifier. Opamp has two inputs namely inverting and non-inverting terminals. Differential Amplifier: The differential amplifier is electronic amplifier. For good differential amplifier differential mode gain should be high Guo, A single differential amplifier does not give that amount of gain.
Output voltage gets affected if we use a single differential amplifier for instrumentation amplifier. Because of resistor mismatching Watson and Castro, Instrumentation amplifier need three stages of opamps to reduce the common mode gain In differential amplifiers, common mode values are present which makes very difficult to amplify the small signals.
Because of these reasons Instrumentation amplifier requires the op amps. Two additional opamps are used to reduce low resistance. The output of these opamps is given to the second stage differential amplifier. Part 2 1. Here the VHDL code for the given problem was developed and given below.
Between the starting state as well as ending state the state SB was situated. So here totally there are three nodes. Each node capable of processing the input as well as output Ece-research. The direction of the transformation depends upon the input statement given by the user. In this problem, if the state SB has the odd number the x value becomes 0, If the SB value may be even the value of x will become one. For the above constraints, the below code was developed.
Here the code was attached Ashenden, From his research, he found the various advantages as well as disadvantages of the various VHDL tools. The advantages of VHDL tools are, speed up the computation process, improve the flexibility of the design, to minimize the cost of the simulation, and reduce the wastages of the testing. These are the positive elements of the VHDL design and simulation according to the author. And he also noticed some of the drawbacks of the VHDL simulation process.
And they are Lower accuracy, because the lower no of constraints, cost of the simulation tool, and the computation process were highly complicated. These are the results of his research. These are considered for this research work. From his research, he found the various advantages and disadvantages in the structural and behavior model. The structural model has two stages, top-down designing and uptown designing.
By the top down simulation, we can able to check the error, so it has the higher processing speed. The up-down process consumes the higher time for calculation than the Top down method. But it gives the more details about the process. And also he noticed some drawbacks in structural model and behavior model. The structural model was limited to sequential circuits only.
It is a step by step process the time delay will be occurring in this model. From his research, he founded the various advantage as well as disadvantages of the various VHDL tools.
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The purpose of an amplifier is to produce an output signal larger than that of the input signal. What is an non-inverting amplifier? A non-inverting amplifier is an op-amp circuit configuration that produces an amplified output signal and this output signal of the non-inverting op-amp is in-phase with the applied input signal.
In other words, a non-inverting amplifier behaves like a voltage follower circuit. What is comparator and its application? Comparator Circuit Working and Applications. Generally, in electronics, the comparator is used to compare two voltages or currents which are given at the two inputs of the comparator.
That means it takes two input voltages, then compares them and gives a differential output voltage either high or low-level signal. What is the difference between inverting and non-inverting amplifier? What is RF in non-inverting amplifier?
What do you mean by non inverting operational amplifier? Further, one more resistor is connected to the inverting terminal in concern to connect it to the ground. Hence the overall gain of the circuit is dependent on these two resistors that are responsible for the feedback connection.
Those two resistors will behave as a voltage divider of the feedback fed to the inverting terminal. Generally R2 is chosen to be greater than the R1. Non-Inverting Operational Amplifier Circuit Non-Inverting Amplifier Gain As already discussed the constructional view of the non-inverting amplifier it can be considered that the inputs applied at both the terminals are the same.
The voltage levels are the same and even the feedback is dependent on both the resistors R1 and R2. In this way, it makes simple and easy to determine the gain for such types of amplifiers. As the voltage levels applied for both the terminals remain the same indirectly results in the gain levels to be high. The voltage level determined at the inverting terminal is because of the presence of the potential-divider circuit.
Then this results in the equation of the voltage that is: But the gain is the ratio between the ratios of the output values to input values of the applied signals. Therefore, Av represents the overall gain obtained in the circuit. R1 represents the resistance connected to the ground. R2 represents the resistor connected to the feedback.
The resistance considered in the above equation is in ohms. When an different voltage signals in parallel are fed to the non-inverting terminal of the Op-Amp then it becomes a Non-Inverting Summing Amplifier. Non-Inverting Summing Amplifier If the used resistors in the circuit are considered to be equal in terms of resistance. In that case, the equation for the output can be determined as Output Wave forms This amplifier generates the output the same as that of the applied input signal.
Both the signals that are applied input and the generated output are in phase. Because of this reason, the potential difference across both the terminals remains the same. Output Wave form of the Non-Inverting Amplifier Advantages and Disadvantages of Non-Inverting Amplifier The advantages of the non-inverting amplifier are as follows: The output signal is obtained without phase inversion. In comparison to the impedance value of the input at the inverting amplifier is high in the non-inverting amplifier.
The voltage gain in this amplifier is variable. Better matching of impedance can be obtained with the non-inverting amplifiers. It has a positive voltage gain. The disadvantages of the non-inverting amplifier are as follows: More stages are utilized based on the requirement of achieving desired gain. Based on the respective amplifiers chosen the input and the output resistance gets varied.
The above are some of the advantages and disadvantages of non-inverting amplifiers. Applications The applications of the non-inverting amplifiers are as follows: The circuits that have the requirement of the high input impedance non-inverting amplifiers are utilized.
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